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Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)
The illuminated manuscript ''Khamsa of Nizami'' British Library, Or. 12208 is a lavishly illustrated manuscript of the ''Khamsa'' or "five poems" of Nizami Ganjavi, a 12th-century Persian poet, which was created for the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the early 1590s by a number of artists and a single scribe working at the Mughal court, very probably in Akbar's new capital of Lahore in North India, now in Pakistan. Apart from the fine calligraphy of the Persian text, the manuscript is celebrated for over forty Mughal miniatures of the highest quality throughout the text; five of these are detached from the main manuscript and are in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore as Walters Art Museum MS W.613.〔(Walters database entry )〕 The manuscript has been described as "one of the finest examples of the Indo-Muslim arts of the book",〔Schimmel & Waghmar, 264〕 and "one of the most perfect of the ''de luxe'' type of manuscripts made for Akbar".〔Losty & Roy, 49〕 Until April 2, 2013, pages from the manuscript are exhibited in the British Library's exhibition (paid admission) ''Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire''.〔Losty & Roy, 48-55〕
==Text==
The collection of five works by Nizami or Nizami is a classic of Persian poetry of which many luxury illuminated manuscript versions have been made; in particular this manuscript should not be confused with British Library, Or. 2265, a Persian manuscript of 1539-43 which is even better known.〔Welch, 22, 30, 70-97〕 The poems are in ''masnavi'' rhyming couplets. The first poem is a collection of moral discourses illustrated by stories or parables drawn mostly from the lives of historical figures, while the remaining four poems are romances, including many stories found in Persian tradition and earlier works such as the ''Shahnameh'' of Ferdowsi.〔Brend, 7-8, with a fuller account as the miniatures are worked through〕 Akbar had already commissioned a smaller manuscript of the ''Khamsa'', which was made in 1585-90.〔Losty & Roy, 48〕
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